Role Of African Americans In Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1923 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Identification and Evaluation of Sources This investigation will explore the question, â€Å"To what extent did African Americans play a service role during the American Civil War?† It will focus the perspective of African Americans during the American Civil War, 1861 through 1865. Many know how greatly the American Civil War affected African Americans, but how African Americans affected the outcome of the war is often overlooked. To further understand their contribution, this investigation covers the work of African Americans in the Civil War, ranging from fighting, to farming, to stealing and spying. The first source to be evaluated in depth is a page containing multiple interviews from African American Military Laborers and Soldiers in the Civil War. During the Great Depression, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) had interviewed 2,300 formerly enslaved African Americans. This page contains only a few interviews, but specifically those who are American Civil War Veterans. The interviews allow the reader to experience a different perspective of those who partook in the Civil War. This is a value because it creates and inside view of people who not only lived during the American Civil War time but that they also were apart of it. A first-hand perspective can drastically differ from others. Although this source was very helpful in the investigation, because it was all interviews, there was an abundance of bias. Being able to sort through the information and use it without inserting bias is complicated and makes it a limitation. This may also be considered a limitation because t he interviews were taken almost 70 years after the Civil War. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role Of African Americans In Civil War" essay for you Create order The purpose of this source is to allows to reader to understand that even though these people were encountering the same events, that each experience was still very unique. It discusses the different roles that African Americans played in the American Civil War and how each role still made a great impact. This source also displays the importance of receiving information through interview and how different perspectives can create a deeper understanding. Another source to be analyzed is a site called, â€Å"The Root.† It seems as though it is a reliable site about African American culture and history. The source was written in 2015 which allowed for the author, John Stauffer, for gain from his advantage of hindsight. Being that is a recent source, Stauffer knows and understands the post war successes and issues making the ideas more valid. Stauffer is a professor at Harvard University and has written multiple books. His scholarliness has proved him to be a just writer with verifiable information. This source may be a limitation because Stauffer shares extreme bias through his words and ideas. He often uses sarcasm to further argue his points. Stauffer also never shared any of the same experience as they took place in the 1800’s. Besides that, the article is designed to properly and fairly answer specific common questions that the reader may have. The purpose of this source is to help eliminate confusion and inform readers. Stauffer ideas are solid and easily understood. His article is very organized and has accurate information that can be fed to many people who want to understand this topic. Investigation The American Civil war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world. The American Civil War and it’s result still affects the United States today. The outcome of this war was impacted even more by the service role of African Americans and their efforts. Both sides, the Union and the Confederacy, had support from African American. Whether it was by force or choice, the outcome may had been altered if it weren’t for the support of African Americans. During the war, African American soldiers on the Confederate side were simply called, â€Å"Black Confederates.† While on the side of the Union, African Americans were referre d to as â€Å"Afro-Yankees.† While some still question why African Americans participated in this war, they made a great impact on the outcome. From battles to farming, African Americans played a large service role in the Civil War. African American soldiers, specifically on the Confederate side, did a lot of what could be called the â€Å"dirty work† (Stauffer). This consisted of stealing any usable objects from those who passed, killing those who are suffering, and burying many of the dead bodies. Dirty work can also be labor work, such as supporting the Confederacy as servants and teamsters to build roads, batteries and fortifications. â€Å"You see, they required all of the slave owners to send so many of us to the army to work digging the trenches and throwing up de breastworks and repairing the railroads of what the Yankees done destroyed,† said Tines Kendricks, a slave who happened to be one of the people his master sent over to war. Blacks who shouldered arms for the Confederacy numbered a rough estimate of 6,000, among the hundreds of thousands of whites who served (Stauffer). African Americans washed uniforms, shined boots, mended clothes and tents, cooked, farmed, and generally did much of the drudgery for the armed forces (Nelson). In contrast, far more Union army soldiers were tied down in such tasks, since the Union did not have many free black labor to do these non-combat duties. It was very common for African Americans to contribute to the war by cooking and or farming. A war of any sort requires enormous amounts of food which was powered by laborers, which in this case were the African Americans. and in 1862 the Confederate Congress enacted a law authorizing four black cooks per company. Some of the troops raised money to hire black cooks, they were paid fifteen dollars a month if they were free, if not, they had to have permission from their master to be able to work. African Americans also grew the crops that fed the Confederacy, as Frederick Douglass noted, blacks were â€Å"the stomach of the rebellion† (Stauffer). Black laborers numbered from 20,000 to 50,000. Many of escaped slaves followed almost every major Union army at one point or another. Legally, African Americans were not allowed to serve in the war as combat soldiers. As soon as news of the Civil War set off, a rush of free black men wanted to enlist in U.S. military. They were rejected because of a Federal law from 1792 barred African Americans from bearing arms for the U.S. army. The decision of authorizing black troops into the war sparked concern that it may prompt the border states to secede, however, the Lincoln administration still wrestled with the idea (Freeman). Congress passed the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, freeing slaves who had masters in the Confederate Army. Black leaders such as Frederick Douglass encouraged black men to become soldiers to ensure eventual full citizenship. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men served as soldiers in the U.S. Army, that is ten percent of the Union Army (Freeman). African American women were not permitted to be in the army by law, however many joined as nurses, spies, and scouts. One of the m ost infamous scouts in the American Civil War was Harriet Tubman. She scouted for the 2d South Carolina Volunteers. Many wonder why African Americans would even bother to participate in the war, specifically the Confederate side. There are multiple reasons to why African Americans would want to play such a role in the American Civil War. One of the first reasons being that some African Americans were forced to by their masters. â€Å"When the war started, my master sent me to work for the Confederate army. I worked most of the time for three years, hauling cannons, driving mules, hauling ammunition and provisions. When the Union army came close enough I ran away and joined the Union army,† said Bill Simms a slave who escaped but later returned to his master’s home after the war, â€Å"My master owned about four hundred acres of good land and he hired me to work for him.† Others joined the war because they were optimistic and had high hopes of the outcome. These people finally had a cause that they wanted to fight for. Often times many African Americans took advantage of the fog of war and used it as an opportunity to escape to the Union as seen in Simms case. Another man, like Simms, made a run for safety, â€Å"You know Abraham Lincoln declared freedom in ’63, first day of January. In October ’63, I ran away and went to Pine Bluff, Arkansas to get to the Yankees,† said Boston Blackwell, â€Å"When we gets to the Yankee camp all our troubles was over. We got all the contraband [food taken by the troops] we could eat.† He escaped with a young boy, and traveled for two days to reach safety. The contribution of African Americans to the American Civil War significantly altered the result. The service role of African Americans during this time period was substantial to the outcome. It is to a great extent that African Americans had played a service role in the American Civil War. Reflection The biggest challenge facing historians is uncertainty. The process of this investigation has allowed me to use a variety of research methods and experience some of the challenges that historians face. Firstly, through my use of primary sources, I came to see the difficulty of gaining accurate historical knowledge. Although primary sources are useful for bringing us closer to the past, we can’t rely just on the information being presented, for the bias may create inaccuracy. This challenge was made explicit to me through the examination of my primary resources, such as the interviews I read on the National Humanities Center website. Historians struggle with bias everyday, converting opinions into something objective is what makes their job very difficult. It is also very hard when attempting to use a story that has come from other sources for it is like a game of telephone, each time it is used, it is altered just a bit. Being a historian also requires the ability to decide what pieces of information to keep and which to leave out. They may also struggle with making all of the information, they have specifically chosen, entertaining and compelling. I found that in my research I struggled with the decision of what is important enough to be in my investigation and what is not. For example, when reviewing two similar sources that say slightly different things, could change the whole rest of my article. Many times there is very little information to go off of, like in ancient or medieval times, while other times there is too much information on. Choosing certain pieces or missing certain pieces can greatly affect the final product. Historians also have to include other effectors during that time period that could affect their research. Ideas such as culture, government, wars, gender, religion and race. Having the right background information on a topic can greatly change the concepts and the reasons behind them. Historians have to be able to understand people, for feelings can extreme the bias of a source and can justify the actions of history. There is no way to tell what is right or wrong, leading each of the historians’ ideas to differ.

Correctional Institutes Do Not Correct or Rehabilitate...

Emile Durkheim puts forth the sociological theory that individuals are overwhelmingly a product of their environment. Thus, societies directly influence their members perspectives and qualities of life. The same theory can apply to the American correctional system. Segregation in prison, whether according to race, gang affiliation, or religion, allows for the reinforcement of the group mentality within the individual through cultural transmission. Rather than rehabilitating, then, the correctional system only further socializes a criminal mentality among its inmates that directly contributes to the high rates of rearrests within a three-year period follow release. The reentry in to society is unjust for individuals (offenders) and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Crime is the end product of various social process, especially inappropriate socialization and social learning† (Schmalleger, 2014, p.83-99). Therefore, the segregation of a community and separation in of race, rel igion, gang affiliation would prove to be in appropriate in our society. Whether that the correction system is just saving themselves form hard work they are doing and injustice to society and the offender by the allowance of such separation †segregation† of filling the offenders by such unrepeatable nature. The allowance is furthering their alliance of different or similar and more deviant nature for a superior cause for religion or gang. A family member of mine stated upon entrance of â€Å"Rikers Island’ stated he was not of gang affiliate, but labeled as thus. Although knowing thus, why would this be a necessary means of knowledge if the process were to instill law-abiding behavior? Segregation in to his group of choice is comfort to a cause of the same societal environment that he surrounded his self with this cannot help rehabilitation. 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Dividing Points in Czechoslovakia - 1728 Words

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Project Management for Warehousing Requirements

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Warehousing Requirements. Answer: Organizational Setting The project is fulfilling the warehousing requirements, effectively, by integrating the stock movement operations of Futuris automotives, as part of its effective strategic direction, to ease the process of manufacturing facilities, located in South Australia. Futuris initiated and implemented this project, to consolidate the warehousing facilities, to integrate into a single operating site, so that the operational overhead costs can be reduced in the future (Curlee Wanda, 2011). Project environment The project environment can be perceived to be a black and white communication and every communication and correspondence is recorded as agreements. When the communication and correspondence is done in written and agreements, the conflicts or miscommunications are less likely. All the objectives along with the quality criteria are set clearly and budget estimations, roles of each of the stakeholder is also given in the project review meetings, perceived as an assumption. Objectives The primary objective of the project is to integrate Plexicor into the Futuris DC, for optimistic impact over the storage capacity in the warehouse, towards fulfilling the additional space requirement of 2695 spaces, for bringing and placing the stock from other site, by changing the current layout into a new layout. Importance of the Project to the Organisation Stock in multiple locations will lead to additional transport burdens and eventually, increased expenses and budget, in overall operations of the company. It leads to increased cost per piece of product and thereby, conversion of the customer to competitor. Eventually, cutting the expenses over the operations would benefit the company, by serving better to the customers. In this context, the Futuris experiences additional budget and burden, from the multiple stock locations, additional staff, transportation, from stocking the items in multiple locations in South Australia (Kousholt, 2007). This burden can be relieved, by integrating the warehousing facilities into one place that would improve material handling system also. The company can save $120,000 every year, approximately. Project Definition The warehousing project is integrating the stock operations in one site, to better integrate the manufacturing facilities, from Plexicor into Futuris DC for Futuris. Project Challenges The project, though do not have serious or major challenges, it is associated with certain constraints, such as ensuring of ongoing support of the warehouse facilities for stock delivery requirements, for first half duration of the year 2010. Another constraint is that the entire project has to be completed within the budget of $150,000. These are not major constraints or challenges and expected to overcome, easily, with better project performance (Cleland Gareis, 2006). Scope The warehouse integration project has the scope that the stock and material present in Futuris DC and Plexicor are to be integrated and accommodated in a single location, called Futuris DC, in Futuris. Ensuring the financial benefits and ease of operations are out of scope of this project, as this project has the scope of integrating the stock and material into one place, only (PMI, 2010). Project Plan Initially, an agreement is done among the teams of Futuris Materials handling, Futuris production and Ceva logistics, so that interruptions as well as the stock discrepancies will not be occurring and concern of OH S also addressed, towards moving the products to the new manufacturing facility from the current location. The project is planned to executed in three steps, reviewing the present Futuris DC warehouse location, based on requirement, changing the layout and moving and re-assembling the units and stock (Lock, 2007). The planning of the project is done extensively, with the following steps. Review of viability of storage of materials present in DC and perform the recommendations accordingly, after estimating and confirming the total Plexicor storage required, both in terms of bulk storage as well as the racking storage requirement Then the project estimation is done, in terms of budget, after confirmation of the additional storage that is possible to accommodate the new products and confirmation of any additional storage is required, than the available storage For additional storage, 3 quotes are requested Then the labour required to implement the project is estimated and then confirmed, in terms of labour hours and then the number of labour required After confirmation and estimation, the process of approvals is done, after estimation of the budget and other resources Then integrate Plexicor material storage in Futuris DC, which is started with considering the material into location and estimating the total material to be shifted The material in Plexicor is removed initially, from current storage locations, in which all inventory is moved temporary staging area and then review of physical inventory to system levels is done and later corrections done, if any errors are occured Then the line marking in Future DC is done accordingly, considering the existing material in DC as well as the new material to be accommodated from Plexicor. It is started with removing the present lining and then new line marking is done. After the new line marking is done, the overall racking installation is done, in which the current racking is disassembled, new racking is assembled and finally, re-assembling of the overall racking is done. Then finally, the material from Plexicor is then moved and placed into the new storage locations in DC, it is done in three steps, starting from creation of new storage locations in the system and labelling physical storage locations and moving all the inventory into the new location. The overall planning and implementation is done in the right way, logically, sequential manner, without any conflicts and without any of the disturbances. Scheduling Resources Resources are the major strengths as well as the weaknesses of the project management team. Resources of the project can be opportunity to use them in an optimistic ways and the same can become threat, when not used properly or in the right manner. So, attention is needed for these areas, to develop the schedule of teh project, so that the bottlenecks of the project can be identified, right before the commencement of the project (Dinsmoer et al., 2005). The project needs various kinds of resources, majorly human resources, time and budget resources and human resources and time are considered here. The project needed five project stakeholders, who have active involvement in to the project. Project sponsor, acted by Operational Manager of Futuris Project manager, acted by MP L Manager Team Member 1, who is Ceva supervisor Team Member 2, who is Ceva Logistics engineer Team Member 3, who is materials handling supervisor Since the entire active project stakeholders, participating actively and directly into the implementation of the project are from the same company, they know, in and out of the company and are aware of the total environment of the company, including warehouse site locations as well as the material to be handled. The overall stakeholders for the project are Furturis Automotive, Ceva logistics, third party contractors and Unions. Though third party contractors and Unions play passive role, the overall project implementation and performance, would influence their operations and future business potential with Futuris. Time is another important aspect for consideration, which also influence the total success of the project. The project has spent most of its time for racking installation, which is a long and tedious process for accommodating both the old and the new racks and stock items. Then relocation of the product has taken more time, which involves loading, transportation and unloading of the stock items from Plexicor to Futuris DC. When the scheduling and planning is done, the public holidays are not considered, it seems. So, item 2, which is repositioning the existing racking has taken long time, because of the public holidays. Three public holidays, related to Easter has prolonged the total project schedule, to significantly distant start date and end date. If the schedule is considered, to start the project, either after these public holidays or completed before these holidays, the total number of days spent for project could have been decreased or minimized. All the tasks are given enough timing and however, time spent for review meetings can be decreased to some extent, as 35 hours is considerably more for the entire project, since there are a few tasks involved in the project. Operator training is given enough importance, since it will make the future stock movement operations easier enough, minimizing accidents or delays. So, the time spent in review meetings can be minimized and spent for the operator training. Scheduling Costs As per the planning of the project, the total budget of the project should not exceed $150,000. However, the project has been completed successfully, with the budget of $131,374. It shows better performance and controlled scheduling costs of the project. The overall performance, in terms of the budget and costing can be analyzed to be better. However, it cannot be said that the total budget is completed within the specified amount, as specified above. It is because, item 6 is not completed, and the level of barriers installed is not up to the mark or requirement (Filicetti John, 2007). So, additional budget will be required, in order to complete item 6, which is fixing barriers, completely. Major scheduled cost is spent for new racking system in the warehouse and then for repositioning the existing racking system. More than the labour cost, material cost is increased, and it is a good sign as the material has some amount of return, as it can be considered as a property. On an overall, it can be analyzed that the budget is optimally utilized for implementation of the project. Risk Management Risk management is an effective and efficient tool, which would be in the project manager or project management hand. It is possible that even well planned as well as well executed projects may result in unfavorable outcome, because of unfavorable reasons or unfavorable factors that can sudden or accidental in nature. In this warehouse requirement project, the project management team had to account for different kinds of and many kinds of natural risks that are quite possible to occur, though these are rarely happened in nature. The project is dealing with the stock as well heavy equipment, such as racks, etc., which are well prone to accidents and also wear-out easily, because of mishandling. So, adequate risk management steps had to be taken, to ensure that the workforce or the team members of the project are affected, in terms of health and minimize the loss of property (Harrison Lock, 2004). Risk management is perceived to be done better. It is because each and every step has been taken so calculatedly and for each and every significant and major task, the prior approval from the authorities has been taken. Approval from relative departments to perform tasks related to that specific department, would involve the hierarchy of the department, and they become active stakeholders, and higher authorities, approve, only after confirmation that there would not be any risks associated to the respective department. For example, the project management has taken the approval for entering into supplier contracts, expenditure approvals, program design, development, tooling and expenditure, capital expenditure, etc., and it shows a clear indication of opening scope of assessing the risks associated by the authorities, as well, apart from the project management team. Most of the major risk events are anticipated and the necessary measures are taken. The major risk events anticipated are failure to support manufacturing material delivery requirements with optimum material delivery systems, increased cost over run from increased headcount, failure of IT, project cost over-run. All these risks are well anticipated and the necessary actions, to mitigate and prevent are also taken, as per the report given for the project. It would also be good, if natural calamities, or extreme weathers are also taken into consideration, since these events are possible, though are not regular, but logically, possible. In addition to the identified possible risk events, it has to be acknowledged that the contingency fund is allocated and to the optimum levels or percentage, up to 15%, which is fair enough. Performance Management The overall project is analyzed to have good performance, since it is completed within the budget, scope and considerably in less, time, though there are three public holidays, which have prolonged the overall schedule of the project (Kotter, 2011). The project has been successful, in terms of completion of the tasks successfully, because of an important factor, coordination of the stakeholders, though from different departments, companies and from different locations. Clear agreements among the three departments and domains have led the project to go smoother and with no conflict, or disturbances of the operations, related to stock delivery and storage. Toolbox is also a good and instant communication method that has been enabled between the Ceva logistics materials handlers and Futuris materials handlers. All the other stakeholders are well communicated and informed about the project update in the weekly project review meeting minutes. The weekly project review meeting minutes are conducted on Wednesdays, however, could have been better, if conducted in beginning of the week, on Monday or weekend, on Friday. However, as long as there are no coordination issues and no disturbances in their combined tasks, the schedule is expect ed to be done well. The overall project is well recorded, both physically and digitally. The project related data, such as Cap Ex forms, purchase orders, supplier invoices, employee timesheets and safety sign off are well recorded in computer as well as in written formats and the locations of storage of both physical data and digital data are also specified clearly. It can be perceived as a good performance criteria, as the overall project implementation can be a recorded project experience that can be well and easily accessed in the future for similar future projects. It could decrease the effort to be put right from the scratch, to conduct similar projects. The intermediate performance is an important method to define the overall performance of the project. The regular performance, in terms of budget review is conducted on a regular basis. These meetings are project review meeting, open issues meeting, steering committee meeting and budget review meeting, conducted on weekly or fortnight basis. Another important and best part of performance determination criteria is setting the quality criteria, though some of these criteria are subjective in nature. Flawless Plexicor product integration, zero lost production time, adequate training of the operators, no outstanding safety issues, related to the changes of the layout and weekly review meetings, for continuing and layout change are the quality criteria set and defined. If all these criteria set is met by the end of the project, which is not specified, then the project is confidently said to be completed with much better performance. Conclusion The project, warehouse integration of two sites into one site is a project that is analyzed to be completed successfully, based on the information provided in the report of the project. 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